GENERAL RULES FOR IN-TEXT CITATIONS
- Each entry in your list of references must also appear in your text.
- Each in-text reference must appear in your list of references.*
- APA in-text citations consist of the author's last name and the year of publication; direct quotes also require a page number.
- MLA in-text citations consist of the author's last name and the page number. The page number is always in parentheses.
- In-text citations may be in parentheses or included within the text.
- In-text citations may appear at the end of a sentence or within the sentence.
* There are some exceptions to this rule, including personal communication, such as an email or interview.
Click on the APA Publication Manual or MLA Handbook below for examples of each.
